I. Foundations for Organizing Systems -- II. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems -- III. Activities in Organizing Systems -- IV. Resources in Organizing Systems -- V. Resource Description and Metadata -- VI. Describing Relationships and Structures -- VII. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types -- VIII. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories -- IX. The Forms of Resource Descriptions -- X. Interactions with Resources -- XI. The Organizing System Roadmap -- XII. Case Studies

We organize things, we organize information, we organize information about things, and we organize information about information. But even though "organizing" is a fundamental and ubiquitous challenge, when we compare these activities their contrasts are more apparent than their commonalities. We propose to unify many perspectives about organizing with the concept of an Organizing System, defined as an intentionally arranged collection of resources and the interactions they support. Every Organizing System involves a collection of resources, a choice of properties or principles used to describe and arrange resources, and ways of supporting interactions with resources. By comparing and contrasting how these activities take place in different contexts and domains, we can identify patterns of organizing. We can create a discipline of organizing in a disciplined way. The 4th edition builds a bridge between organizing and data science. It reframes descriptive statistics as organizing techniques, expands the treatment of classification to include computational methods, and incorporates many new examples of data-driven resource selection, organization, maintenance, and personalization. It introduces a new "data science" category of discipline-specific content, both in the chapter text and in endnotes, marked with [DS] in editions that contain endnotes.

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